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往期内容,帮大家盘点了《ELISA研究领域丨癌症研究领域ELISA靶标分类(上)》(点击查看推文),重点包括癌症免疫、肿瘤微环境和肿瘤抑制这3个方面的热点靶标。本期推文,将继续跟大家分享癌症研究领域涉及到的常见ELISA靶标,快来一起围观学习吧。
04 生长因子(Growth Factors)
生长因子(Growth Factors)是一类通过与特异的、高亲和的细胞膜受体结合,调节细胞生长与其他细胞功能等多效应的多肽类物质。它们在发育过程中具有一系列假定的功能,包括调节组织形态发生、血管生成、细胞分化和轴突生长。它们还在维持成人组织内稳态和伤口愈合中发挥重要作用。
生长因子同时也是肿瘤进展的关键因素,参与克隆扩张、组织侵袭和血管生成。重要的生长因子包括血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、表皮生长因子(EGF)、成纤细胞生长因子(FGF)、血小板类生长因子(PDGF)、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)和神经生长因子(NGF)。
Fig.4 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors are Activated by VEGF
生长因子相关靶标
Targets |
|
ACV-A(Activin A) |
ACVB(Activin B) |
AFGF/FGF1(Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor 1) |
ANG1(Angiopoietin 1) |
ANG2(Angiopoietin 2) |
ANGPTL3(Angiopoietin Like Protein 3) |
ANGPTL4(Angiopoietin Like Protein 4) |
α2-M(Alpha-2 Macroglobulin) |
bFGF/FGF2(Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor) |
BMP-1(Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1) |
BMP-2(Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2) |
BMP-4(Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4) |
BMP-6(Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6) |
BMP-7(Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7) |
BMP-15(Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15) |
DKK1(Dickkopf Related Protein 1) |
DKK3(Dickkopf Related Protein 3) |
EGF(Epidermal Growth Factor) |
EGFR(Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) |
FBLN1(Fibulin 1) |
FBLN3(Fibulin 3) |
FGF7/KGF(Fibroblast Growth Factor 7) |
FGF19(Fibroblast Growth Factor 19) |
FGF21(Fibroblast Growth Factor 21) |
FGFR1(Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 |
FGFR4(Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4) |
GDNF(Glial Cell Line Derived Neurotrophic Factor) |
HB-EGF(Heparin-binding Epidermal Growth Factor-like Growth Factor |
HDGF(Hepatoma Derived Growth Factor) |
HGF(Hepatocyte Growth Factor) |
HSP-27/HSPB1(Heat Shock Protein 27) |
IGF-1(Insulin-like Growth Factor 1) |
IGF-2(Insulin Like Growth Factor 2) |
IGFBP-1(Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1) |
IGFBP-2(Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2) |
IGFBP-3(Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3) |
IGFBP-4(Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4) |
IGFBP-5(Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5) |
IGFBP-6(Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 6) |
INSR(Insulin Receptor) |
IRS1(Insulin Receptor Substrate 1) |
KL(Klotho) |
LRP-1(Low-Density Lipoprotein-Receptor-Related Protein 1) |
MCSF(Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor 1) |
MSTN(Myostatin) |
NFKB-p65(Nuclear Factor Kappa B p65) |
NFKB-p105(Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit) |
NGF(Nerve Growth Factor) |
NOS3/eNOS(Nitric Oxide Synthase 3, Endothelial) |
NRG-1(Neuregulin 1) |
NRP1(Neuropilin 1) |
PDGF-AB(Platelet Derived Growth Factor AB) |
PDGF-BB(Platelet Derived Growth Factor BB) |
pERK(Phospho Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase) |
PGF(Placental Growth Factor) |
Rac1(Ras Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 1) |
SCF(Stem Cell Factor) |
sVEGFR-1(soluble Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1) |
TGF-β1(Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1) |
TGF-β2(Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2) |
Ub(Ubiquitin) |
VE-Cadherin(Vascular Endothelial Cadherin) |
VEGF-A(Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor A) |
VEGFR1/FLT1(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 1) |
VEGFR-2/KDR(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2) |
WISP1(WNT1 Inducible Signaling Pathway Protein 1 |
05 细胞周期(Cell Cycle)
细胞周期(Cell Cycle)是指细胞从一次分裂完成开始到下一次分裂结束所经历的全过程,分为间期与分裂期两个阶段。在间期,细胞生长,积累有丝分裂所需的营养物质,并复制其DNA和一些细胞器。在有丝分裂阶段,复制的染色体、细胞器和细胞质分离成两个新的子细胞。为了确保细胞成分和分裂的正确复制,在周期的每个关键步骤之后都有被称为细胞周期检查点的控制机制,以确定细胞是否可以进入下一个阶段。
细胞分裂周期是单细胞受精卵发育成成熟生物的重要过程,也是毛发、皮肤、血细胞和一些内部器官更新的过程。正常细胞周期的中断是癌症中不受控制的细胞分裂的基础。细胞周期的紊乱是细胞周期相关激酶或磷酸酶活性异常的结果。
Fig.5 Mitosis Process in Cells, Interphase and Cell Division
细胞周期相关靶标
Targets |
|
CLU(Clusterin) |
SIRT1(Sirtuin 1) |
WISP1(WNT1 Inducible Signaling Pathway Protein 1) |
|
06 细胞凋亡(Apoptosis)
细胞凋亡(Apoptosis)是发生在多细胞生物中的一种程序性细胞死亡,它在发育和免疫以及癌症和神经变性疾病中起着关键作用。生化事件导致特征性细胞变化(形态)和死亡,这些变化包括细胞气泡、收缩、核碎裂、染色质凝结、染色体DNA碎裂和全局mRNA衰变,最终形成可被吞噬细胞清除的凋亡小体。
细胞凋亡可以通过多种机制启动,包括营养因子停用、促凋亡跨膜受体的连接或细胞毒性免疫细胞的活性。过度的细胞凋亡导致萎缩,而数量不足导致不受控制的细胞增殖,如癌症。一些因子:如Fas受体和caspases促进细胞凋亡,而Bcl-2家族蛋白的一些成员抑制细胞凋亡。
Fig.6 Apoptosis Stages Schematic
细胞凋亡相关靶标
Targets |
|
BAX(Bcl-2 Associated X Protein) |
Bcl-2(B-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma 2) |
CASP1(Caspase 1) |
CASP3(Caspase 3) |
CASP4(Caspase 4) |
CASP8(Caspase 8) |
CASP9(Caspase 9) |
FAS/CD95(Factor Related Apoptosis) |
FASL/TNFSF6(Factor Related Apoptosis Ligand) |
SIRT1(Sirtuin 1) |
Surv(Survivin) |
TNFRSF1A(Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 1A) |
TNF-α(Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha) |
TRAIL/TNFSF10(Tumor Necrosis Factor Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand) |
WISP1(WNT1 Inducible Signaling Pathway Protein 1) |
|
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